{"id":19838,"date":"2025-12-24T10:12:44","date_gmt":"2025-12-24T09:12:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.darda.de\/?page_id=19838"},"modified":"2026-05-25T07:37:03","modified_gmt":"2026-05-25T05:37:03","slug":"special-foundation","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.darda.de\/en\/knowledge\/special-foundation","title":{"rendered":"Special foundation"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wissen-inhaltsbereich\">\n<p>Special foundation secures structures where conventional shallow foundations reach their limits: under high loads, difficult soils, groundwater, restricted space, or in existing buildings. It merges geotechnics, structural analysis, and construction methods into tailored foundation solutions and requires equally well-considered strategies for construction, adaptation, and deconstruction. Especially during deconstruction, <strong>low-vibration<\/strong> and precise methods are required, with tools such as <em>concrete pulverizers<\/em> or <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.darda.de\/en\/product-overview\/hydraulic-rock-and-concrete-splitters\">hydraulic rock and concrete splitters<\/a><\/em> &#8211; in combination with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.darda.de\/en\/product-overview\/hydraulic-power-units\">suitable hydraulic power units<\/a> &#8211; playing a central role. Practice ranges from removing pile heads to breaking up foundation blocks to rock cuts at the tunnel face. In complex urban or industrial contexts, measures are planned to balance structural safety, constructability, emissions, and schedule dependencies; <em>monitoring concepts<\/em> for vibrations and settlements are standard for risk control.<\/p>\n<h2>Definition: What is meant by a special foundation?<\/h2>\n<p>A special foundation is a <strong>non-conventional foundation<\/strong> designed for particular boundary conditions. These include deep foundations such as bored piles and micropiles, combined pile-raft systems, diaphragm walls with load transfer, underpinning, as well as ground improvement measures. The goal is the safe transfer of vertical and horizontal loads into competent strata with controlled settlements. Construction stages, groundwater, vibrations, and neighboring buildings are also taken into account. Over the life cycle, special foundation is frequently adapted or partially deconstructed &#8211; for example for repurposing, adding storeys, tunnel connections, or the deconstruction of industrial facilities. Design must address <em>serviceability<\/em> and <em>ultimate limit states<\/em>, cyclic and fatigue actions, group effects in pile ensembles, and potential negative skin friction.<\/p>\n<h2>Construction types, methods, and application limits of special foundations<\/h2>\n<p>Special foundation spans a broad spectrum. The choice depends on loads, subsoil, space, noise and vibration limits, approval constraints, and schedule and environmental targets. Method statements consider available carriers, logistics, and interfaces to excavation support and superstructure.<\/p>\n<h3>Bored piles (large- and small-diameter piles)<\/h3>\n<p>Bored piles transfer loads via end bearing and shaft friction. They are drilled into the ground, supported as required by steel casing or cement slurry, reinforced, and filled with concrete. Variants: cast-in-place piles, displacement piles, SOB piles, and continuous flight auger solutions. Typical applications include high-rise buildings in soft soils, bridge abutments, and excavation support systems. In deconstruction, pile head exposure and removal is often required; reinforcement continuity and embedded parts are cut in stages to control load paths and avoid spalling.<\/p>\n<h3>Micropiles<\/h3>\n<p>Slender, mostly grouted piles for tight access or underpinning existing structures. They are suitable for additional foundation support, machine foundations, and structure lifting. In existing buildings, low vibrations are decisive; later adaptations often concern short lengths in the connection area. Inclined installation enables combined axial and shear resistance where headroom is limited.<\/p>\n<h3>Diaphragm walls and cut-off walls<\/h3>\n<p>As load-bearing and sealing elements in deeper excavation pits, diaphragm walls also serve as foundation. Load transfer occurs via flexural stiffness and shaft friction. During deconstruction, openings are created, capping beams are removed, or wall segments are selectively taken out. Joint technology, reinforcement congestion at corners, and watertightness requirements define feasible opening geometries and cutting sequences.<\/p>\n<h3>Underpinning and combined systems<\/h3>\n<p>Underpinning secures existing foundations during deepenings or repurposing. Combined pile-raft foundations homogenize settlements. Interventions are usually local, often with limited headroom and strict emission requirements. Sequencing with alternating supports and verifiable intermediate states is essential for safe redistribution.<\/p>\n<h3>Jet grouting and ground improvement<\/h3>\n<p>Columns produced by high-pressure injections stabilize the ground or provide sealing. During deconstruction, solidified zones are partially removed or built over; fragmentation depends on cement content and strength gain. Heterogeneous boundaries between treated and native soil require adapted splitting patterns or pre-cuts.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Advantages of special foundation: high load reserves, low settlements, adaptability in existing structures.<\/li>\n<li>Limits: complex planning, dependence on subsoil and water, increased documentation requirements, demanding deconstruction.<\/li>\n<li>Further constraints: limited headroom and access, strict vibration and noise caps in sensitive surroundings.<\/li>\n<li>Project risks: spoil handling and groundwater control, utility conflicts, and approvals with extended lead times.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Materials, composition, and actions<\/h2>\n<p>Special foundation consists predominantly of <strong>reinforced concrete<\/strong>, in part with high reinforcement ratios, built-in components, and connection reinforcement. Actions include permanent, variable, and exceptional loads (e.g., earthquakes), earth and water pressure, and fatigue. For deconstruction, concrete grades, aggregates, reinforcement density, and bond conditions are decisive &#8211; they influence the choice between splitting, shearing with jaws, or sawing. Locally increased strengths, steel fiber additions, or dense stirrup cages require staged fragmentation and adapted cutter jaw selection.<\/p>\n<h2>Planning and design: geotechnics, structural analysis, and construction stages<\/h2>\n<p>Planning is based on subsoil investigation, a foundation concept, and numerical design. Settlement predictions, soil-structure interaction, and verification for construction stages, for example with staged underpinning, are essential. For future modifications, a <em>deconstruction-ready design<\/em> with defined separation joints, accessible pile heads, and documented built-in components is recommended. Legal requirements and technical rules must be observed; project-specific requirements are to be clarified on a case-by-case basis. Early definition of monitoring, hold points, and rescue and emergency concepts improves execution reliability.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Design checks: bearing capacity and settlement, sliding and overturning, uplift and buoyancy, seismic and fatigue.<\/li>\n<li>Interface management: excavation support, waterproofing, services and utilities, sequence with superstructure trades.<\/li>\n<li>Documentation: traceable as-built records for later adaptations and selective deconstruction.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Deconstruction of special foundations: methods and equipment deployment<\/h2>\n<p>Deconstruction aims for <strong>selective, low-vibration<\/strong> work with controlled load redistribution. In densely built or sensitive areas, hydraulic methods minimize noise, dust, and vibration. Sequencing distinguishes between primary opening, fragmentation, and finishing cuts; each step includes verification of stability and emissions compliance.<\/p>\n<h3>Low-vibration splitting<\/h3>\n<p><em>Rock and concrete splitters<\/em> and <em>rock splitting cylinders<\/em> generate wedge-shaped tensile stresses in concrete or rock by hydraulic pressure. In this way, massive foundation blocks and rock soles can be opened in a controlled manner and divided into manageable segments-advantageous in <em>concrete demolition and special demolition<\/em>, in <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.darda.de\/en\/applications\/rock-demolition-and-tunnel-construction\">rock demolition and tunnel construction<\/a><\/em>, and in <em>natural stone extraction<\/em>. Hole spacing, wedge orientation, and staged pressurization govern crack guidance and fragment size.<\/p>\n<h3>Cutting and breaking<\/h3>\n<p><em>Concrete pulverizers<\/em> grip reinforced concrete, crush sections, and separate reinforcing bars. <em>Combination shears<\/em> unite breaking and cutting, while <em>multi cutters<\/em> sever high-strength materials in confined areas. With high steel content, <em>steel shears<\/em> are used. Remote-controlled carriers are an option in hazardous zones or limited headroom.<\/p>\n<h3>Hydraulic supply and integration<\/h3>\n<p><em>Hydraulic power packs<\/em> supply split cylinders, concrete pulverizers, and shears with the required pressure and flow. Depending on access conditions, mobile or stationary solutions are appropriate, for example for work in existing structures or underground. For foundations near plant equipment, <em>tank cutters<\/em> can be relevant in peripheral areas when residual vessel or pipe sections near the foundation must be cut. Energy source selection (electric versus combustion) affects on-site emissions and allowable working windows.<\/p>\n<h2>Areas of application at a glance and interfaces<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Concrete demolition and special demolition:<\/strong> pile head removal, lowering of foundation soles, removal of capping beams with concrete pulverizers and splitting technology.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Strip-out and cutting:<\/strong> creating recesses, openings, and cable penetrations in foundation areas; combination with sawing and drilling methods.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rock breakout and tunnel construction:<\/strong> rock cuts below foundations, enlargement of caverns and adits; split cylinders for low-vibration advance.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Natural stone extraction:<\/strong> analogous splitting of block stone; transfer of experience to foundation blocks and rock foundations.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Special deployment:<\/strong> work in hospitals, laboratories, transportation structures, or explosion-hazard areas with stringent requirements for emissions and safety.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Heritage and sensitive assets:<\/strong> selective deconstruction adjacent to protected fabric with verifiable vibration limits and dust control.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Step-by-step: pile head and foundation deconstruction<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>As-built assessment: drawings, reinforcement ratios, concrete grade, subsoil, neighboring buildings, utilities.<\/li>\n<li>Structural evaluation: load redistribution, temporary supports, define construction stages.<\/li>\n<li>Deconstruction concept: separation joints, sequence, equipment selection (splitting, shears, cutters), protective measures.<\/li>\n<li>Access and logistics: access routes, load capacities, work platforms, set-down areas, disposal routes.<\/li>\n<li>Preparations: expose, clean, mark, drill splitting holes, dust and noise protection.<\/li>\n<li>Primary opening: split massive sections with rock and concrete splitters, if necessary in stages.<\/li>\n<li>Fragmentation: reduction with concrete pulverizers; separate reinforcement, cut steel with steel shears.<\/li>\n<li>Handling: safe load pickup, removal, intermediate storage, sorting into fractions.<\/li>\n<li>Control: measurements (vibrations, settlements), visual inspection of separation joints and remaining sections.<\/li>\n<li>Documentation: progress logs, evidence, photo documentation, handover to design.<\/li>\n<li>Close-out: reinstate surfaces, seal interfaces, verify compliance with acceptance criteria.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Equipment selection: criteria for concrete pulverizers and splitting technology<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Component geometry: section thickness, accessibility, edge distances, built-in parts.<\/li>\n<li>Material: concrete grade, reinforcement ratio, bond, rock content.<\/li>\n<li>Emissions: <em>low-vibration<\/em>, low-noise, low-dust &#8211; requirements of the surroundings.<\/li>\n<li>Hydraulics: pressure\/flow rate, hose lengths, heat dissipation, power pack position.<\/li>\n<li>Safety: kickback effects, pinch and shear points, emergency stop, safety clearances.<\/li>\n<li>Productivity: cycle times, segment sizes, jaw reach, cutting force, maintenance effort.<\/li>\n<li>Carrier compatibility: machine class, quick couplers, stability and reach over the working radius.<\/li>\n<li>Site constraints: headroom, exclusion zones, spark-free cutting needs, and ATEX-relevant peripheries.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Safety, health, and environment<\/h2>\n<p>Deconstruction work on special foundation requires a rigorous safety concept. Protection against low- and high-pressure hydraulics, falling loads, dust, noise, and vibrations must be ensured. The applicable regulations apply; project-specific requirements are to be coordinated with the responsible parties. Environmental aspects include the separation of concrete, steel, and mixed fractions, handling of potentially contaminated areas, and measures to reduce dust, water, and noise emissions. Permit-to-work procedures, lockout and tagout for adjacent systems, and clearly defined exclusion zones with emergency plans are integral.<\/p>\n<h2>Quality assurance and documentation<\/h2>\n<p>Key elements are approvals for construction stages, measurement concepts (settlements, vibrations), equipment and test protocols, maintenance records of the hydraulic power packs, and approvals upon section completion. Seamless documentation facilitates acceptance and forms the basis for future adaptations over the life cycle.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Execution controls: calibration records, pressure logs, and tool ID traceability.<\/li>\n<li>Verification: comparison of predicted versus measured emissions and settlements with defined action thresholds.<\/li>\n<li>Handover: as-built updates with locations of separation joints and remaining reinforcement for later works.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Sustainability and circular economy<\/h2>\n<p>Selective size reduction with concrete pulverizers and controlled splitting produces single-grade fractions. Reinforcing steel can be sent directly for recycling; concrete rubble can be processed into recycled construction material if the framework conditions are met. Low-vibration methods protect existing structures, reduce damage to neighboring buildings, and lower follow-up repairs. Documented material flows, water recirculation for dust suppression, and electric drives where feasible reduce the overall footprint.<\/p>\n<h2>Typical challenges and solution approaches<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>High reinforcement density: prior detection, segmented approach, combination of splitting and cutting.<\/li>\n<li>Restricted access: compact concrete pulverizers, modular split cylinders, external hydraulic power packs.<\/li>\n<li>Groundwater influence: sealing measures, water control, controlled cutting guidance.<\/li>\n<li>Unclear as-built documentation: exploratory pits, scanning, trial milling and pilot openings.<\/li>\n<li>Vibration-sensitive environments: priority for <em>low-vibration<\/em> splitting technology and finely metered hydraulics.<\/li>\n<li>Post-tensioned or prestressed elements: specialized investigation, controlled releases, and enhanced exclusion zones.<\/li>\n<li>Heterogeneous interfaces: adapted drilling grids and staged pressurization to steer crack paths.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Practical execution tips<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Place pre-drilled holes for splitting wedges orthogonal to the main reinforcement to achieve effective crack guidance.<\/li>\n<li>Select the gripping and cutting zones of the concrete pulverizer to protect cover and anchor zones if residual structure must remain.<\/li>\n<li>Position hydraulic power packs away from sensitive zones, secure hose routing, and protect against crushing.<\/li>\n<li>Cycle planning with clear hold points to control settlements and vibrations.<\/li>\n<li>Clarify waste disposal logistics and recycling routes for concrete and steel fractions early.<\/li>\n<li>Pre-cut dense reinforcement at controlled locations to avoid uncontrolled tearing and spalling.<\/li>\n<li>Use misting or wet methods with water recirculation to limit dust where sawing or drilling is combined with splitting.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Collaboration and competence profile<\/h2>\n<p>Successful projects link geotechnics, structural design, execution, and occupational safety. For special foundation the rule holds: the more complex the boundary conditions, the more important pilot trials, test fields, and coordinated equipment combinations of <em>rock and concrete splitters<\/em>, <em>concrete pulverizers<\/em>, <em>steel shears<\/em>, and matching <em>hydraulic power packs<\/em>. The focus remains on a verifiable technical approach with clear interfaces, measurable acceptance criteria, and robust documentation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Special foundation secures structures where conventional shallow foundations reach their limits: under high loads, difficult soils, groundwater, restricted space, or in existing buildings. It merges geotechnics, structural analysis, and construction methods into tailored foundation solutions and requires equally well-considered strategies for construction, adaptation, and deconstruction. Especially during deconstruction, low-vibration and <a class=\"moretag\" href=\"https:\/\/www.darda.de\/en\/knowledge\/special-foundation\">read more&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"parent":14846,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"tmpl\/template-wissen.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","_members_access_role":[],"_members_access_error":""},"class_list":["post-19838","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Special Foundation in Geotechnical Engineering<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover special foundation in civil engineering \u2713 deep foundations, low-vibration methods, and safe deconstruction.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link 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