{"id":19647,"date":"2025-12-03T12:16:33","date_gmt":"2025-12-03T11:16:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.darda.de\/?page_id=19647"},"modified":"2026-05-12T10:22:03","modified_gmt":"2026-05-12T08:22:03","slug":"raw-material","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.darda.de\/en\/knowledge\/raw-material","title":{"rendered":"Raw material"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wissen-inhaltsbereich\">\n<p>Raw material refers to the untreated or only lightly processed feedstocks used in construction, deconstruction, extraction and processing. In the context of concrete demolition, rock excavation, tunnel construction, building gutting and natural stone extraction, this includes mineral construction materials such as concrete, masonry and natural stone as well as metals and composite materials. When working with concrete pulverizers (or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.darda.de\/en\/product-overview\/concrete-crushers\">Concrete Crushers<\/a>), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.darda.de\/en\/product-overview\/hydraulic-rock-and-concrete-splitters\">hydraulic rock and concrete splitters<\/a> and other hydraulic tools, a precise understanding of material properties is crucial, because strength, microstructure, moisture content and reinforcement content determine the choice of method, the equipment configuration and operational safety. In practice, grain size distribution, anisotropy and the presence of joints or bedding also influence efficiency, tool wear and achievable separation quality.<\/p>\n<h2>Definition: What is meant by raw materials?<\/h2>\n<p>Raw materials are natural or industrially manufactured substances that, without further processing, serve as the basis for construction processes, extraction, repair or deconstruction. These include rocks (e.g., granite, limestone, sandstone), binder-bound materials (concrete, reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, masonry), metals (structural steel, stainless steel, cast iron), plastics and composite materials. In deconstruction, the existing structure itself &#8211; such as a concrete wall &#8211; is often regarded as raw material that is converted into reusable fractions by targeted separation, crushing or splitting. A distinction can be made between primary raw materials from original deposits and secondary raw materials from deconstruction and recycling streams, which supports circular-economy planning.<\/p>\n<p>The properties of a raw material arise from its composition (e.g., cement paste and aggregate in concrete), its microstructure (fabric, porosity, cracks), its age, and its manufacturing or storage history. These factors largely govern how efficiently concrete pulverizers grip, how stone and concrete hydraulic splitters initiate cracks, or how shears can start separation cuts. Loading rate, boundary conditions and environmental influences further affect fracture initiation and propagation and should be reflected in method selection.<\/p>\n<h2>Material classes in the construction and deconstruction context<\/h2>\n<p>Raw materials in the construction environment can be classified by origin, microstructure and mechanical behavior. This categorization helps with the methodical planning of demolition, deconstruction or extraction and with matching tools and parameters.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Mineral-bound:<\/strong> Concrete, reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, masonry (brick, calcium silicate brick, autoclaved aerated concrete). Typical are high compressive strength, brittle fracture behavior, pronounced microstructure dependencies (grain, pores, moisture) and &#8211; where reinforced concrete is concerned &#8211; superimposed reinforcement.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Natural rocks:<\/strong> Granite, diorite, gneiss (hard, brittle), limestone and dolomite (medium strength), sandstone and slate (layer-dependent). Splittability often follows natural joints and bedding planes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Metals:<\/strong> Structural steel, reinforcing steel, sections, sheets, tanks. Ductile materials with high tensile strength and toughness; separation is achieved by shearing or cutting.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Composite materials:<\/strong> Steel-concrete composite, fibre-reinforced concrete, bituminous composites. The combined material behavior requires coordinated separation sequences (e.g., mineral first, then metallic).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Secondary materials:<\/strong> Recycled aggregates and reclaimed metals from prior deconstruction steps; quality varies by source and processing and may require adapted parameters.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Key properties and parameters<\/h2>\n<p>For selecting and applying concrete pulverizers, stone and concrete hydraulic splitters and shears, the following parameters are especially relevant. They govern process stability, achievable separation quality and wear behavior.<\/p>\n<h3>Compressive and tensile strength<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Compressive strength<\/strong> governs resistance to compressive loads (concrete: typically C20\/25 to C50\/60; natural stone across wide ranges). <strong>Tensile strength<\/strong> is significantly lower in brittle raw materials. Splitting methods exploit this difference by generating controlled tensile stresses. Orientation values are obtained via standardized tests (e.g., cube or cylinder tests for compressive strength, indirect tensile tests for brittle materials).<\/p>\n<h3>Modulus of elasticity and toughness<\/h3>\n<p>A high modulus of elasticity leads to stiffer behavior; brittle materials fail abruptly. Ductile materials such as steel deform before separating. This influences whether splitting, clamping force or shearing forces are effective. Toughness and strain-rate sensitivity determine energy demand and the propensity for secondary cracking.<\/p>\n<h3>Microstructure, porosity and moisture<\/h3>\n<p>Pores, capillaries and cracks steer stresses and can predetermine fracture paths. Moisture and temperature influence energy absorption. Freeze-thaw cycles and alkali-silica reaction alter the raw material over time. Surface coatings, carbonation depth and contamination layers can affect initial grip and crack initiation.<\/p>\n<h3>Degree of reinforcement and inserts<\/h3>\n<p>Reinforcement, prestressing steel or embedded sections influence the choice of method: concrete pulverizers to expose and separate mineral components, followed by steel shear or Multi Cutters for the metallic fraction. Spacing, bar diameters and anchorage zones require targeted sequencing to avoid unintended load redistribution.<\/p>\n<h3>Layering and jointing<\/h3>\n<p>In natural stone, bedding planes, joints and faults define the orientation of splitting and cutting lines. Hydraulic splitters work efficiently along natural planes of weakness. Discontinuity persistence and spacing inform borehole alignment and required energy levels.<\/p>\n<h2>Raw material and tool selection<\/h2>\n<p>The raw material directs the approach and the combination of hydraulic tools. Careful matching increases efficiency, precision and safety.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Concrete, reinforced concrete:<\/strong> Concrete pulverizers for selectively separating component layers, opening cross-sections and controlled size reduction; after exposing the reinforcement, use steel shears. Stone and concrete hydraulic splitters enable low-noise, low-vibration separations in massive members.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rock and natural stone:<\/strong> Hydraulic splitters generate split-oriented cracks along the borehole axis; in bedded rock they benefit from natural bedding planes. In confined areas, combining with Multi Cutters supports removing residual webs.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Metallic raw materials:<\/strong> Sections, beams, tanks and sheets are separated with steel shears. Concrete pulverizers are used here mainly to expose adjacent mineral areas.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Composite sections:<\/strong> Sequential approach: first mineral (pulverizer\/splitting), then metallic (steel shears). The hydraulic power pack supplies the required drive for changing tool operations and ensures consistent force levels.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Fields of application: From planning to execution<\/h2>\n<p>In <strong>concrete demolition and special demolition<\/strong>, controllable separation is paramount: controlled opening of components, preservation of adjacent structures, minimization of vibrations. Concrete pulverizers and stone and concrete hydraulic splitters complement each other in sequence and detail work. Where necessary, staged pre-cutting relieves restraints before final splitting.<\/p>\n<p>In <strong>building gutting and cutting<\/strong>, the focus is selective work: separating low-contaminant areas, exposing built-in components, guiding separation cuts. Shears and pulverizers support material-pure separation. Interfaces to follow-up trades benefit from defined, clean separation edges.<\/p>\n<p>In <strong>rock excavation and tunnel construction<\/strong>, hydraulic splitters benefit from orientation along joints. They reduce noise and vibration emissions and allow controlled faces or breakout edges. Borehole placement accounts for geology, in situ stress and access constraints.<\/p>\n<p>In <strong>natural stone extraction<\/strong>, splitting enables the production of defined raw blocks. The course follows the rock texture; follow-up work is mechanical. Dimensional accuracy and edge integrity depend on joint mapping and energy control.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Special deployments<\/strong> include confined spaces, sensitive environments or demanding composite structures. Here, knowledge of the raw material determines sequence, tool changes and borehole-layout-based splitting plans.<\/p>\n<h2>On-site inspection and assessment of raw materials<\/h2>\n<p>Careful preliminary investigation reduces risks and rework. Proven practical steps include:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Inspection and documentation:<\/strong> Construction age, drawings, visible cracks, moisture marks, coatings, installations, anchors.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Indicative tests:<\/strong> Rebound hammer for concrete surfaces, simple scratch and impact tests on natural stone, test drilling to determine reinforcement layout.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Microstructure and joint analysis:<\/strong> Use visible joint systems and layering to align split lines.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Material samples:<\/strong> Cores and chip samples enable petrographic assessment and grain-size evaluation.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Detection of inserts:<\/strong> Reinforcement search, locating utility lines and voids; <em>observe electrical safety<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Non-destructive methods:<\/strong> Cover meters or radar for reinforcement depth, moisture meters in sensitive substrates; validate findings with targeted exposures.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Planning drilling and splitting patterns<\/h2>\n<p>An aligned borehole layout is crucial for efficient use of stone and concrete hydraulic splitters. It depends on member thickness, material strength, the desired fracture line and existing inserts.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Borehole diameter and depth:<\/strong> Match to the splitting system in use; aim for uniform depth along the intended separation joint.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Borehole grid:<\/strong> Increase density for high strength or unfavorable microstructure; adapt the grid where joints exist. Staggered patterns can improve crack guidance in anisotropic materials.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Edge distances:<\/strong> Leave sufficient material to guide the crack; use lower splitting energy at edges.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sequence:<\/strong> Work from lower-stress zones to critical areas; selectively remove remaining webs. Coordinate with exposure cuts to avoid unintended restraints.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Typical challenges and material-appropriate solutions<\/h2>\n<h3>Heterogeneous concretes and composites<\/h3>\n<p>Irregular aggregate distribution, very hard inclusions or subsequent grouts lead to inhomogeneous behavior. Approach: first selectively open weak zones with the concrete pulverizer, then locally densify the borehole grid and split. Adjust tool jaw profiles and splitting wedge sizes to local conditions.<\/p>\n<h3>High degree of reinforcement<\/h3>\n<p>Dense reinforcement increases the risk of unwanted load redistribution. Approach: use the concrete pulverizer to expose, then steel shears or Multi Cutters for metallic separation; concentrate splitting operations on zones with low reinforcement. Maintain cutting sequences that preserve structural stability until final removal.<\/p>\n<h3>Prestressed concrete<\/h3>\n<p><em>Caution<\/em> with prestressing systems: prestressing forces can be released suddenly. Separate only with suitable procedures and in a coordinated sequence; secure and relieve prestressing steel in a targeted manner. Blocking and shielding measures must be planned and verified.<\/p>\n<h3>Abrasive or highly jointed natural stones<\/h3>\n<p>Change drilling tools more frequently with abrasive rocks; in strongly jointed rock, plan split lines along existing joints and treat edge sections with moderate energy. Consider alternative borehole orientations where joint persistence is high.<\/p>\n<h3>Moisture, frost and temperature<\/h3>\n<p>Increased moisture reduces tensile strength and influences friction. In frost, brittle behavior can increase. Adjust parameters, remove surface water, minimize slip hazard. Protect hydraulics from extreme temperatures and plan pauses for pressure equalization.<\/p>\n<h2>Safety, environmental and permitting aspects<\/h2>\n<p>Work on raw material requires a protection strategy tailored to the material. This includes dust suppression, noise control and vibration management, separation of fractions, and the protection of adjacent structures. Permitting and notification requirements can vary by region and must be clarified in advance. Personal protective equipment, safe setup of the hydraulic power pack and checking hydraulic connections are mandatory. Water management for wet drilling, sediment control and proper handling of potentially contaminated materials must be incorporated into the method statement.<\/p>\n<h2>Material separation, recycling and circular economy<\/h2>\n<p>In deconstruction, raw material should ideally be separated cleanly: concrete into recycled aggregates, steel into metal fractions, natural stone as quarry run or raw block. Material-pure separation begins at the fracture line: splitting and pulverizers support clean boundaries, shears take over metallic separation. In this way, defined fractions suitable for reuse are produced. Quality assurance through sampling and documentation facilitates acceptance in recycling streams and compliance with applicable specifications.<\/p>\n<h2>Guideline values for key figures and their significance<\/h2>\n<p>Without binding commitments, typical ranges can be stated as orientation:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Concrete (C20\/25-C50\/60):<\/strong> Compressive strength about 25-60 MPa; tensile strength about 2-5 MPa; the large difference favors splitting methods.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Granite\/gneiss:<\/strong> Compressive strength often 100-250 MPa; brittle behavior, clearly defined split paths with correct alignment.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Limestone:<\/strong> Typically 50-150 MPa; bedding planes influence splittability.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sandstone:<\/strong> 20-80 MPa; anisotropic, prefer splitting along bedding.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Structural steel:<\/strong> Tensile strength approx. 400-600 MPa; ductile, separated with shears.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>Note:<\/em> Project- and site-specific tests are decisive; guideline values do not replace investigation of the specific raw material. Calibration with small-scale trials reduces uncertainty and optimizes parameters.<\/p>\n<h2>Process planning: From idea to execution<\/h2>\n<p>A structured plan improves result quality and cost-effectiveness:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Material investigation:<\/strong> Stocktaking, sampling, locating inserts, joint mapping.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Method selection:<\/strong> Concrete pulverizers for selective removal and opening, stone and concrete hydraulic splitters for controlled separation of massive cross-sections, shears for metal.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Parameters and sequence:<\/strong> Borehole layout, starting points, mineral-metal sequence, support by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.darda.de\/en\/product-overview\/hydraulic-power-units\">hydraulic power units<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Emission control:<\/strong> Dust, noise, vibrations, splash protection; construction logistics and fraction separation.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Documentation:<\/strong> Evidence of material flows, quality of separation edges, adaptations in case of deviations.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Quality assurance and handover:<\/strong> Verification of target dimensions, edge tolerances and cleanliness of fractions; as-built records for traceability.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Raw materials in focus across application areas<\/h2>\n<p>In the application areas of Darda GmbH, the raw material dictates the approach. In concrete demolition and special demolition, knowledge of concrete grade and reinforcement is central for choosing between concrete pulverizers or hydraulic splitters. In rock excavation and tunnel construction, stone hydraulic splitters follow natural planes of weakness. In natural stone extraction, the raw material is shaped into raw blocks by its texture. In building gutting, lightweight layers, composites and built-in components are separated in a material-appropriate, sequential manner. Special deployments require a combination of tools tailored to the material variety of the existing structure, with parameters aligned to the prevailing raw materials.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Raw material refers to the untreated or only lightly processed feedstocks used in construction, deconstruction, extraction and processing. In the context of concrete demolition, rock excavation, tunnel construction, building gutting and natural stone extraction, this includes mineral construction materials such as concrete, masonry and natural stone as well as metals <a class=\"moretag\" href=\"https:\/\/www.darda.de\/en\/knowledge\/raw-material\">read more&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"parent":14846,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"tmpl\/template-wissen.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","_members_access_role":[],"_members_access_error":""},"class_list":["post-19647","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Raw Material in Construction &amp; Demolition<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Master raw material in construction &amp; demolition \u2713 properties, tool 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