{"id":19011,"date":"2025-10-18T12:44:18","date_gmt":"2025-10-18T10:44:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.darda.de\/cem-i"},"modified":"2026-03-28T11:44:03","modified_gmt":"2026-03-28T10:44:03","slug":"cem-i","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.darda.de\/en\/knowledge\/cem-i","title":{"rendered":"Cem i"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wissen-inhaltsbereich\">\n<p>CEM I cement is the designation for pure Portland cement and thus a cornerstone of modern concretes. Its composition, hydration, and strength development shape both the design and execution of concrete structures &#8211; and, later in the service life, <em>concrete demolition and special demolition<\/em>. For users working with <strong>concrete pulverizers<\/strong> or <strong>concrete splitters<\/strong>, understanding CEM I provides concrete guidance on splitting behavior, cutting forces, and the optimal timing for using hydraulics in <em>building gutting and concrete cutting<\/em>, in <em>special demolition<\/em>, and in selective deconstruction. For reference on methods and sequences, see <a href=\"https:\/\/www.darda.de\/en\/applications\/concrete-demolition-and-special-deconstruction\">concrete demolition and special deconstruction<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Key takeaway &#8211; timing:<\/strong> Early vs. late intervention windows change crack paths, force requirements, and process stability.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Key takeaway &#8211; matrix brittleness:<\/strong> The more brittle a CEM I matrix, the more predictable the splitting front and the higher the efficiency of <em>concrete splitters<\/em> and <em>concrete pulverizers<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Key takeaway &#8211; hydraulics:<\/strong> Matched pressure and flow from a <em>hydraulic power pack<\/em> sustain cycle times and reduce uncontrolled fracture.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Definition: What is meant by CEM I?<\/h2>\n<p>Under European cement standards, CEM I is the Portland cement with a clinker content of typically 95-100&nbsp;mass percent, complemented by up to 5&nbsp;percent minor constituents. The mineralogical main phases of Portland cement clinker (alite, belite, aluminate, ferrite) react with water (hydration) to form C\u2011S\u2011H phases and portlandite. This results in the characteristic compressive strength, stiffness, and the structure of the concrete. CEM I is classified into strength classes 32.5 \/ 42.5 \/ 52.5, with normal (N) or rapid early strength (R). These classifications describe the compressive strength after 28 days and the early strength, which are relevant for on\u2011site workflows and demolition project planning.<\/p>\n<p>According to EN 197\u20111 and EN 197\u20115, the definition of CEM I consistently centers on a high clinker share. Fineness (often expressed as Blaine surface area) and water\u2011cement ratio govern early heat release and the rate of strength gain &#8211; parameters that directly affect the safe start of cutting, splitting, and biting operations.<\/p>\n<h2>Material properties and structure of CEM I<\/h2>\n<p>The hydration of CEM I produces a fine\u2011pored cement paste microstructure of C\u2011S\u2011H phases that holds the concrete structure together and encases the aggregates. Fresh and young concretes show different mechanical behavior than aged components due to heat of hydration, shrinkage, and creep. With increasing age, carbonation, moisture cycles, and possible freeze\u2011thaw exposure lead to changes in stiffness and fracture energy. For interventions with <strong>concrete pulverizers<\/strong> as well as <strong>concrete splitters<\/strong>, this means: crack initiation and propagation depend strongly on pore structure, moisture content, and strength class; dry, highly carbonated CEM\u2011I concretes can often be split more brittlely than young, still moist concretes of the same strength.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Moisture state:<\/strong> Saturated matrices tend to absorb more energy before fracture; drying concentrates tensile stresses and promotes brittle crack advance.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Temperature:<\/strong> Elevated temperatures reduce fracture strain in many CEM I concretes; cold, moist conditions increase toughness and required splitting energy.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Aggregate interaction:<\/strong> Strong paste\u2011aggregate bonding favors clean crack planes for splitting; weak interfacial zones yield more tortuous fracture paths and higher energy demand.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Influence of CEM I on demolition and splitting techniques<\/h2>\n<p>The binder type shapes fracture behavior under compressive, tensile, and shear loading. At equal compressive strength, CEM\u2011I concretes often exhibit lower fracture strain and higher brittleness than concretes with latent hydraulic or pozzolanic additions. In the practice of <em>concrete demolition and special demolition<\/em>, this has several consequences:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Splitting behavior:<\/strong> In CEM\u2011I\u2011rich, dense concretes, splitting and splitting tensile strength are correlated; <em>concrete splitters<\/em> can deliberately initiate cracks along weaker zones (construction joints, notches, borehole axes).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cutting and biting:<\/strong> <em>concrete pulverizers<\/em> offer advantages when the matrix fractures in a brittle manner and aggregates are well bonded; with very tough behavior, higher jaw forces and the coordinated use of a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.darda.de\/en\/product-overview\/hydraulic-power-units\">matched hydraulic power unit<\/a> are relevant.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Equipment combinations:<\/strong> Pre\u2011drilling and splitting can reduce the cross\u2011section before <em>combination shears<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.darda.de\/en\/product-overview\/multi-cutters\">Multi Cutters<\/a>, or <em>steel shear<\/em> separate the reinforcement; this lowers peak loads and reduces the risk of uncontrolled fracture patterns.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Temperature and moisture effects:<\/strong> Warm, dry CEM\u2011I concrete components respond more brittlely; in cooler, moist environments, the energy to failure increases. This influences the choice between splitting, biting, or cutting in <em>building gutting and concrete cutting<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Interfaces and joints:<\/strong> Cold joints, overlays, and repair interfaces act as preferred crack paths; aligning borehole rows with these planes enables controlled detachment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Strength classes, early strength, and time windows in deconstruction<\/h2>\n<p>The classes 32.5 \/ 42.5 \/ 52.5 and the N\/R suffixes describe the level and rate of strength development. For interventions with <strong>concrete pulverizers<\/strong> or <strong>concrete splitters<\/strong>, practical guidelines emerge:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Young component (CEM I 42.5 R, early days):<\/strong> Still hydrating, higher ductility, lower final strength. Cutting and splitting forces are moderate, but springback is possible. Careful <em>shoring<\/em> is essential.<\/li>\n<li><strong>In service (CEM I 32.5 N to 52.5 N, &gt;=28 days):<\/strong> Final strength reached, structure stable. Brittle fracture more likely, predictable crack patterns &#8211; advantageous for a splitting strategy with rows of boreholes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Old concrete (decades, carbonated):<\/strong> Near\u2011surface densification, reduced pH, possible microcracks. Often efficient biting with <em>concrete pulverizers<\/em> at edges and bearing zones, combined with controlled splitting.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Practical note:<\/strong> Higher early heat (R) brings forward workable time windows for splitting and cutting, but may increase residual stresses; normal early strength (N) often yields steadier crack propagation in later phases.<\/p>\n<h2>Interaction with reinforcement: Cutting, exposure, and sequences<\/h2>\n<p>In CEM\u2011I concrete, the bond between cement paste and steel is essential for force transfer. In deconstruction, carbonation and moisture states lead to variable bond strength. Proven procedures tailored to a CEM I matrix:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sequential approach:<\/strong> First weaken the cross\u2011section using <em>concrete splitters<\/em>, then cut the reinforcement with <em>steel shear<\/em> or <em>Multi Cutters<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Local exposure:<\/strong> Use <em>concrete pulverizers<\/em> to bite away concrete to access reinforcement; in a dense matrix, pre\u2011splitting helps to facilitate removal.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Special cases:<\/strong> Thick, high\u2011strength CEM\u2011I sections often require higher splitting pressures; an appropriately sized <em>hydraulic power pack<\/em> ensures consistent performance. For tanks and shells, depending on the material, <em>tank cutters<\/em> may also be considered.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pretensioned or post\u2011tensioned elements:<\/strong> Only proceed with documented force release sequences; unintended tendon activation represents a significant hazard and requires dedicated methods.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Identification and documentation of CEM I in existing structures<\/h2>\n<p>Ideally, secure assignment of the binder is achieved via existing documentation. If these are unavailable, indicators and tests help and can be taken into account in planning for <em>concrete demolition and special demolition<\/em>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Documents and delivery notes:<\/strong> Information on cement type and strength class provides the most reliable indications.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Core samples and laboratory:<\/strong> Petrography and binder analysis can distinguish CEM I from blended cements using <em>concrete cores<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Component indicators:<\/strong> High early strength and dense cement paste commonly point to CEM I; however, this is not proof and does not replace testing.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Analytical methods:<\/strong> X\u2011ray diffraction, thermogravimetry of portlandite, and microscopy support assignment; phenolphthalein mapping documents carbonation that affects splitting behavior.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Planning relevance<\/h3>\n<p>Knowing the cement type supports the selection of splitting and cutting parameters, the positioning of rows of boreholes, and the estimation of fracture patterns. This allows work steps in <em>building gutting and concrete cutting<\/em> and in <em>special demolition<\/em> to be structured efficiently and safely. Where information is incomplete, conservative sequencing and targeted trial fields reduce uncertainty and stabilize processes.<\/p>\n<h2>Weathering, aging, and damage in CEM I concrete<\/h2>\n<p>Moisture, temperature, and chemical exposure change the properties of CEM\u2011I concrete over its service life. Relevant for the practice with <strong>concrete pulverizers<\/strong> and <strong>concrete splitters<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Carbonation:<\/strong> Increases near\u2011surface hardness but can lead to microcracks. Cracks steer the splitting front &#8211; beneficial for controlled separation.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Freeze\u2011thaw:<\/strong> Local loosening of the structure in edge zones; biting at edges is facilitated while the core remains resistant.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Chemical attack:<\/strong> Sulfate or acid exposure reduces matrix strength; load\u2011bearing capacity assessment and safeguarding measures must be adjusted accordingly.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Alkali\u2011silica reaction (ASR):<\/strong> Gel formation and expansion induce internal cracking; pre\u2011weakening and fine borehole grids improve controllability during splitting.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Moisture balance<\/h3>\n<p>A high moisture content increases fracture energy and can raise the energy required for splitting or biting. Dry edge zones are often easier to open, which influences the sequence strategy. After rainfall or washing, allow for drying gradients that can reverse preferred crack paths.<\/p>\n<h2>Recycling and material flow management for CEM I concrete<\/h2>\n<p>The deconstruction of CEM\u2011I\u2011containing components enables high\u2011quality circular use. Selective removal with <em>concrete pulverizers<\/em> and targeted splitting of large volumes facilitate separation of concrete and reinforcement. Downstream crushing and screening stages yield recycled aggregates that &#8211; depending on quality and the normative framework &#8211; can be used in construction. Consistent separation reduces contaminants, lowers transport volumes, and improves reuse.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Quality levers:<\/strong> Clean rebar separation, control of maximum edge length before crushing, and dedicated stockpiling by fraction enhance recycled aggregate performance and acceptance.<\/p>\n<h2>Equipment selection in the context of the CEM I matrix and application area<\/h2>\n<p>The choice and sequencing of techniques depend on cross\u2011section, reinforcement ratio, accessibility, and the expected brittleness of the CEM\u2011I matrix:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Concrete demolition and special demolition:<\/strong> Combine <em>concrete splitters<\/em> for crack initiation and <em>concrete pulverizers<\/em> for controlled removal; reinforcement is separated with <em>steel shear<\/em> or <em>Multi Cutters<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Building gutting and concrete cutting:<\/strong> Local biting at openings, door, and shaft areas; where required, add core drilling and splitting to reduce loads.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rock excavation and tunnel construction:<\/strong> For shotcrete linings made with CEM\u2011I systems, splitting cylinders help create relief cuts before pulverizers remove the shotcrete in sections.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Special demolition:<\/strong> In areas with sensitive surroundings or strict vibration limits, splitting technology enables low\u2011vibration, precise deconstruction.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Confined interiors:<\/strong> Sequenced splitting with small bite cycles limits vibration and debris size, aiding handling and emission control.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Energy demand, hydraulics, and process stability<\/h2>\n<p>The forces required for crack formation and material separation increase with the strength and toughness of the CEM\u2011I matrix. Consistently available hydraulic power ensures reproducible cuts and splitting operations. A supply matched to the cross\u2011section via a <em>hydraulic power pack<\/em> shortens cycle times and avoids peak loads that could lead to unwanted fracture paths.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Pressure and flow:<\/strong> Maintain rated pressure under load; adequate flow prevents sluggish jaw cycles and premature crack arrest.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hose routing:<\/strong> Minimize length and bends to reduce pressure drop and heating that impair force transmission.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Thermal control:<\/strong> Stable oil temperature supports consistent force output and extends component life in continuous duty.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Occupational safety and environmental aspects<\/h2>\n<p>During the deconstruction of CEM\u2011I concrete, dust, noise, and vibrations are generated. Proven measures include low\u2011dust working practices, local dust extraction, the use of water where physically feasible, and compliance with applicable safety regulations. The resulting material must be recorded and disposed of or recycled according to its classification. Legal requirements can vary by project and region; therefore, careful, forward\u2011looking planning is essential.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>PPE and zones:<\/strong> Eye, hearing, and respiratory protection, plus exclusion zones adapted to tool reach and potential fly\u2011off.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Media control:<\/strong> Manage process water and slurry; prevent ingress into drainage systems.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vibration and noise:<\/strong> Choose splitting where limits apply; verify compliance with monitoring where required.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Structural safety:<\/strong> Sequencing and temporary supports prevent progressive collapse during splitting and biting.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>CEM I cement is the designation for pure Portland cement and thus a cornerstone of modern concretes. Its composition, hydration, and strength development shape both the design and execution of concrete structures &#8211; and, later in the service life, concrete demolition and special demolition. For users working with concrete pulverizers <a class=\"moretag\" href=\"https:\/\/www.darda.de\/en\/knowledge\/cem-i\">read more&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"parent":14846,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"tmpl\/template-wissen.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-19011","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>CEM I Portland Cement | Concrete Demolition<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Explore CEM I Portland cement \u2713 definition, hydration, strength classes &amp; effects on demolition and cutting.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.darda.de\/en\/knowledge\/cem-i\" \/>\n<meta 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