{"id":19006,"date":"2025-10-20T12:19:13","date_gmt":"2025-10-20T10:19:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.darda.de\/fire-protection"},"modified":"2026-03-28T07:29:02","modified_gmt":"2026-03-28T06:29:02","slug":"fire-protection","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.darda.de\/en\/knowledge\/fire-protection","title":{"rendered":"Fire protection"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wissen-inhaltsbereich\">\n<p>Fire protection in concrete demolition, special demolition, interior demolition, as well as in rock excavation and tunnel construction is a safety and organizational principle that shapes all work phases. Wherever load-bearing structures are opened, components separated, materials crushed or tanks cut, ignition sources and fire loads arise and, in the event of an incident, smoke and heat are released. An effective fire protection concept combines technical, structural and organizational measures. In practice, the selection of cutting and crushing methods, the handling of hydraulic power packs and the control of sparks, heat and dust play a central role. In particular, low-spark hydraulic methods, such as using concrete pulverizers or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.darda.de\/en\/product-overview\/hydraulic-rock-and-concrete-splitters\">hydraulic rock and concrete splitters<\/a>, can reduce fire risks under certain boundary conditions without impairing work objectives.<\/p>\n<p>High-quality outcomes arise when the fire protection concept is treated as a living framework that adapts to changing construction states. This includes a project-specific hazard analysis, integration with emergency response planning, a ventilation and smoke management strategy, and documented acceptance criteria for each phase. Consistent housekeeping and material logistics support low fire loads and keep escape and access routes functional at all times.<\/p>\n<h2>Definition: What is meant by fire protection?<\/h2>\n<p>Fire protection refers to the totality of all measures that prevent the origin and spread of fires, protect people and property, and support the deployment capabilities of the fire brigade. It is typically divided into <em>structural<\/em>, <em>systems-based<\/em> and <em>organizational<\/em> fire protection as well as <em>defensive<\/em> fire protection. Objectives include, among others, limiting fire loads, ensuring sufficient fire resistance durations, guaranteeing functional escape routes, effective fire and smoke compartments, and the provision of suitable extinguishing agents. In deconstruction and tunnel projects, temporary protective measures are additionally used to maintain the safety level during construction states.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Structural fire protection<\/strong>: fire walls, fire resistance, compartmentation, protected routing of services<\/li>\n<li><strong>Systems-based fire protection<\/strong>: detection, alarm and extinguishing systems, smoke control and ventilation where available<\/li>\n<li><strong>Organizational fire protection<\/strong>: permits, instructions, supervision, drills and documentation<\/li>\n<li><strong>Defensive fire protection<\/strong>: measures that support firefighting and rescue<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Protection objectives and levels of fire protection in deconstruction and tunnel construction<\/h2>\n<p>In existing buildings, industrial facilities and underground, fire protection addresses three core objectives: protection of life and health, protection of assets and infrastructure, and safeguarding operational and construction-sequence continuity. These goals are achieved through coordinated levels: structural separations and fire stops, systems-based installations such as fire detection and extinguishing systems (if in operation), as well as work organization, instruction and supervision. Deconstruction phases alter fire compartments, routing of services and ventilation flows &#8211; therefore temporary adjustments are essential, such as mobile fire stops, keep-clear zones, modified escape routes and the specification of low-spark methods in sensitive areas.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Typical temporary measures<\/strong>: mobile fire curtains, provisional seals, smoke barriers and closable openings<\/li>\n<li><strong>Operational safeguards<\/strong>: defined hot work procedures, monitored ventilation strategies and access control<\/li>\n<li><strong>Documentation<\/strong>: phase-specific plans, sign-off after inspections and escalation paths<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Structural fire protection in existing buildings<\/h3>\n<p>Fire resistance classes, fire walls, fire stopping of penetrations and fire-protected corridors quickly lose their original function during deconstruction. Sawing, drilling and cutting open components create new fire and smoke paths. Forward-looking sequencing &#8211; open, cut, temporarily close &#8211; and verification of residual load-bearing capacity and fire compartment boundaries after each phase are crucial to prevent uncontrolled smoke spread.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Seal temporary penetrations immediately with suitable provisional systems and record locations<\/li>\n<li>Check self-closing and smoke-tightness of temporary doors and barriers<\/li>\n<li>Perform end-of-shift walkdowns to detect openings, voids and unintended connections between compartments<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Organizational fire protection on construction sites<\/h3>\n<p>Clear rules apply to interior demolition and cutting: keep access and escape routes clear, minimize fire loads, control ignition sources, provide extinguishing agents, schedule a fire watch and allow hot work only under controlled conditions. Documented permits, clear on-site responsibility and communication chains ensure responsiveness if heating, smoldering or smoke occurs.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hot work permits define scope, duration, adjacent area protection and fire watch responsibilities<\/li>\n<li>Fire watch continues through the cooling phase, with documented intervals of re-checks<\/li>\n<li>Briefings and toolbox talks emphasize ignition sources, emergency stop and reporting pathways<\/li>\n<li>Role clarity: who authorizes work, who halts work and who contacts emergency services<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Fire hazards during demolition, cutting and severing work<\/h2>\n<p>Deconstruction and cutting processes generate ignition sources and energies to varying degrees. Relevant hazards arise from flying sparks, hot surfaces, frictional heat, electrical defects, combustible dusts and vapors, as well as concealed residual media in lines, tanks or cavities.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sparks and glowing particles during thermal cutting and grinding<\/li>\n<li>Heating and ignition sources at drives, hydraulic hose lines and power units<\/li>\n<li>Combustion-promoting deposits: dust, fibers, bitumen, old coatings<\/li>\n<li>Explosive atmosphere in vessels, ducts or enclosed areas<\/li>\n<li>Smoke and heat build-up in shafts, basements or tunnel tubes<\/li>\n<li>Residual energy in batteries, capacitors or UPS units exposed during deconstruction<\/li>\n<li>Hidden gas pockets or flammable vapors in porous materials and backfilled conduits<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Low-spark methods versus spark-generating methods<\/h3>\n<p>Where fire protection has priority &#8211; such as in interior demolition of active building areas, sensitive production environments or tunnel construction &#8211; hydraulic cutting and crushing methods offer advantages: concrete pulverizers crush concrete in a controlled manner and reduce spark formation compared to thermal methods. Rock and concrete splitters develop high splitting pressure in the borehole and produce neither flame nor sparks. This supports protection against fire and smoke development, especially in areas with limited ventilation or elevated fire load. Nevertheless, smoldering due to friction on dry material and heated particles cannot be ruled out &#8211; follow-up inspections remain necessary.<\/p>\n<p>If thermal methods are unavoidable, mitigation includes spark shields and blankets, wet cutting where feasible, local extraction with appropriate filtration and extended post-work monitoring with temperature checks.<\/p>\n<h3>Hydraulic power packs and energy supply<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.darda.de\/en\/product-overview\/hydraulic-power-units\">Hydraulic power units<\/a> supply shears and split cylinders with energy. From a fire protection perspective, <strong>leakage prevention<\/strong>, safe storage of fuels, suitable containment systems and the removal of ignition sources in the immediate vicinity are central. Lines must be routed to protect them from mechanical damage; emergency stop devices must be accessible and clearly marked. Regular monitoring of operating temperatures and a clean work area prevent combustible dusts from adhering to hot surfaces.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Provide drip trays and absorbents below hose connections and fittings<\/li>\n<li>Consider approved fire-resistant hydraulic fluids where compatible with the equipment and task<\/li>\n<li>Install temperature and pressure alarms if available, and define response thresholds<\/li>\n<li>Use explosion-protected equipment and lighting where hazardous atmospheres may occur<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Tool and method selection from a fire protection perspective<\/h2>\n<p>The choice of equipment significantly influences fire risk. Depending on the construction task, material, ambient air change and proximity to fire loads, it must be weighed whether mechanical cutting, hydraulic crushing or thermal methods are used. In many scenarios with heightened fire protection requirements, low-spark, low-vibration and reduced-emission methods are advantageous, provided they meet the structural objectives.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Criteria include material thickness, reinforcement density and embedded services<\/li>\n<li>Occupancy and protection needs of adjacent areas influence method choice and time windows<\/li>\n<li>Ventilation and smoke control dictate acceptable dust and fume levels<\/li>\n<li>Acceptance criteria: spark reach, surface temperature rise and cleaning effort<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Concrete pulverizers in interior demolition and special demolition<\/h3>\n<p>Concrete pulverizers crush reinforced concrete components without an open flame. Heat generation remains limited compared to hot work, and spark formation is generally low. In interior demolition of active building areas, temporary fire compartments can be observed more reliably; at the same time, controlled removal facilitates securing escape routes. For cutting massive reinforcing steel, steel shears or multi cutters can be used in addition.<\/p>\n<p>Pre-wetting debris and contact areas can further limit dust and residual heating. Segregated scrap management prevents accumulation of combustible fines beneath hot surfaces.<\/p>\n<h3>Rock and concrete splitters in tunnel construction and rock excavation<\/h3>\n<p>Rock and concrete splitters as well as rock splitting cylinders operate without explosives. They transmit controlled forces into the borehole and reduce ignition sources, which can be an advantage in tunnels and galleries with limited air exchange. Lower spark and heat generation counteracts the risk of concealed smoldering fires; at the same time, visibility for spatially constrained rescue routes is maintained longer due to reduced smoke.<\/p>\n<p>In confined spaces, continuous atmosphere monitoring and coordinated ventilation scenarios complement the low-spark method to prevent accumulation of gases and heat.<\/p>\n<h3>Tank cutters and work on vessels<\/h3>\n<p>When cutting tanks or piping, explosion protection and fire prevention take precedence. Methods that work without an open flame can reduce ignition hazards. Fundamental measures include verified absence of media, sufficient ventilation or inerting of the vessel atmosphere, and continuous measurements. Extinguishing agents and isolation concepts must be provided before starting; follow-up inspections include the risk of smoldering in insulation or deposits.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Obtain a gas-free certificate or equivalent verification and isolate all inlets and drains<\/li>\n<li>Ventilate or inert the vessel atmosphere and maintain the condition throughout the task<\/li>\n<li>Continuously monitor flammable and oxygen levels using calibrated instruments<\/li>\n<li>Bond and earth equipment to prevent static discharge where required<\/li>\n<li>Extend the fire watch with re-checks of insulation, linings and adjacent compartments<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Combination shears, multi cutters and steel shears<\/h3>\n<p>Hydraulic shears cut metal without a flame. Compared to thermal methods, fewer hot particles usually occur; nevertheless, shielding and control of stray sparks are required, especially in areas with combustible coatings, cable bundles or dust accumulations. A careful sequence &#8211; secure first, then cut &#8211; prevents uncontrolled movement and friction that could create additional heat sources.<\/p>\n<p>Use heat shields or non-combustible blankets to protect sensitive adjacent areas. Clamping and controlled load release reduce friction and prevent secondary ignition sources.<\/p>\n<h2>Planning and interfaces with the fire protection concept<\/h2>\n<p>Deconstruction changes the effectiveness of existing fire protection measures. Close coordination with the overarching fire protection concept and with operational processes is required, for example when temporarily deactivating detection devices, adapting escape routes or using ventilation underground. Documented action plans, defined escalation paths and specifying low-spark methods in particularly exposed zones increase resilience.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Plan detector downtimes with compensatory measures and targeted reactivation sequences<\/li>\n<li>Align ventilation settings with smoke control goals and hot work windows<\/li>\n<li>Coordinate access control, routing and signage with temporary compartmentation<\/li>\n<li>Define stop criteria and decision authority for changed risk conditions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Temporary fire compartments and fire stops<\/h3>\n<p>Provisional fire stops, mobile fire curtains or closable openings limit smoke spread. Penetrations for lines and hoses must be routed so that the fire seal is maintained; unused openings are closed. Transitions between construction states are accompanied by clear inspection and acceptance processes.<\/p>\n<p>Where feasible, simple tightness checks and visual smoke tests verify the effectiveness of temporary separations. Provide pressure relief paths to avoid uncontrolled leakage flows.<\/p>\n<h3>Extinguishing agents, water and foam management<\/h3>\n<p>Type, quantity and location of extinguishing agents depend on the materials, geometry and accessibility of the worksite. In tunnel tubes, reach and accessibility take priority; in buildings, proximity to escape routes. Firefighting water retention and protection against contamination-related environmental damage must be considered. Water mist can limit smoke and heat layers; powder extinguishers and CO<em>2<\/em> extinguishers are to be selected with regard to material compatibility and visibility conditions.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Match agent to hazard: water or water mist for Class A, foam for liquids, CO<em>2<\/em> or clean agents for sensitive equipment<\/li>\n<li>Place extinguishers and hose reels so that no route crosses high-risk zones<\/li>\n<li>Plan for water runoff paths, collection and filtration before starting hot work<\/li>\n<li>Train teams on discharge techniques and post-extinguishing cooling and checks<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Construction site organization: measures for daily operations<\/h2>\n<p>Fire protection is implemented on the construction site every day. A clear, repeated routine minimizes errors and increases safety in all areas &#8211; from concrete demolition through interior demolition to tunnel construction.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Update the hazard analysis regularly; mark zones with elevated fire load.<\/li>\n<li>Select methods with an eye to sparks, heat, dust and smoke &#8211; prefer low-spark methods where feasible.<\/li>\n<li>Allow hot work only with documented permit; schedule a fire watch and follow-up inspection.<\/li>\n<li>Clearly mark and keep clear extinguishing agents, emergency stop, escape routes and assembly points.<\/li>\n<li>Set up hydraulic power packs safely, avoid leaks, store media in an orderly manner.<\/li>\n<li>Prevent accumulations of dust and chips; clean work areas regularly.<\/li>\n<li>Check electrical installations and the construction power supply; protect cable runs from damage.<\/li>\n<li>Store gas cylinders, fuels and oils separately, ventilated and secured against tipping over.<\/li>\n<li>Ensure communication: responsibilities, alarm procedures and location information available at all times.<\/li>\n<li>Monitor follow-up work and cooling phases before areas are released.<\/li>\n<li>Define safe charging and storage for batteries and cordless tools away from escape routes.<\/li>\n<li>Use contactless thermometers or thermal imaging for smoldering checks in critical areas.<\/li>\n<li>Keep a fire logbook for permits, inspections, deviations and corrective actions.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Material behavior: concrete, steel and natural stone under fire exposure<\/h2>\n<p>Concrete can be prone to spalling at high temperatures; load-bearing capacity decreases as reinforcing steel loses strength. Steel heats up faster and loses load-bearing capacity at high temperatures; natural stone behaves differently depending on its structure. For planning demolition sequences, it is important to keep heat input low and to avoid uncontrolled heating of components &#8211; another reason to consider low-spark and thermally restrained methods.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Concrete<\/strong>: moisture content and aggregate type influence spalling and cracking<\/li>\n<li><strong>Steel<\/strong>: rapid temperature rise leads to strength loss in the critical temperature range<\/li>\n<li><strong>Natural stone<\/strong>: variable behavior depending on stratification, fissures and mineral composition<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Smoke and visibility in tunnels<\/h3>\n<p>In tunnels and galleries, smoke management and ventilation are critical. Methods with low smoke and dust generation preserve visibility, support orientation and facilitate rescue. Coordinated ventilation flows prevent the accumulation of hot gases and remove dust &#8211; care must be taken that airflow does not drive sparks into endangered zones.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Define ventilation modes for normal work, hot work and incident response<\/li>\n<li>Position extraction close to sources and balance airflow to avoid backlayering<\/li>\n<li>Integrate communication with rescue services regarding ventilation changes and access points<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Documentation, training and communication<\/h2>\n<p>Training on ignition sources, extinguishing agents, escape routes and emergency stop must be repeated regularly. Teams must know the particularities of concrete pulverizers, rock and concrete splitters, steel shears, multi cutters, combination shears and tank cutters &#8211; especially regarding functional limits, energy supply and possible ignition sources. Complete documentation of permits, inspections and acceptances creates transparency and traceability.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Conduct scenario-based drills with time-to-first-action and communication checkpoints<\/li>\n<li>Use multilingual, pictogram-based instructions where appropriate<\/li>\n<li>Record deviations and near misses and feed them into method selection and planning<\/li>\n<li>Ensure redundancy in key roles to maintain coverage during shift changes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Environmental protection in the context of fire protection<\/h2>\n<p>Fire protection and environmental protection go hand in hand: firefighting water retention, handling of contaminated residues and the protection of soil and water must be considered. Methods that work without an open flame and generate less smoke and soot can reduce the risk of secondary damage. A clean, orderly construction site reduces fire loads and facilitates control of potential ignition sources.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Provide containment for foam and water, and plan disposal routes for contaminated media<\/li>\n<li>Use appropriate filters and dust extraction to minimize particulate spread<\/li>\n<li>Separate and label fire-damaged waste and contaminated PPE for proper handling<\/li>\n<li>Avoid uncontrolled flushing; prefer targeted cooling and collection where feasible<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Fire protection in concrete demolition, special demolition, interior demolition, as well as in rock excavation and tunnel construction is a safety and organizational principle that shapes all work phases. Wherever load-bearing structures are opened, components separated, materials crushed or tanks cut, ignition sources and fire loads arise and, in the <a class=\"moretag\" href=\"https:\/\/www.darda.de\/en\/knowledge\/fire-protection\">read more&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"parent":14846,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"tmpl\/template-wissen.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-19006","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Fire Protection in Low-Spark Demolition &amp; Tunnels<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Guide to fire protection in demolition, tunneling and interior works \u2713 low spark hydraulic methods and on site controls.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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